1. Explain the four factors in normal waking consciousness.
   
2. Define what is meant by "levels of consciousness."
   
3. Name and define the three levels of consciousness proposed by Freud.
   
4. Explain unconscious processing in terms of blindsight and subliminal perception.
   
5. Distinguish between the EEG and EMG.
   
6. Describe the four stages of sleep, their accompanying brain activity, and their distribution across the night.
   
7. Explain how REM sleep differs from NREM sleep.
   
8. Describe the patterns of REM sleep and the physiological changes that accompany it.
   
9. Summarize Freud’s and Hobson’s views on the content of dreams.
   
10. Name and describe three common disorders of sleep.
    
11. Discuss the effects of drugs and melatonin on insomnia.
    
12. Summarize the cognitive and behavioral underpinnings of insomnia.
    
13. Define hypnosis, and describe who can be hypnotized.
    
14. List the benefits of hypnosis, and explain the controversy surrounding the issue of hypnosis as a distinct state of consciousness.
    
15. Describe meditation and explain its proposed benefits.
    
16. Define dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, addiction, and drug abuse.
    
17. Discuss the differences between the various different types of stimulant drugs.
    
18. List the effects of the depressant alcohol, and explain its relationship to aggression.
    
19. Describe the effects of hallucinogenic drugs.
    
20. Explain how marijuana differs from the other drugs discussed.